آموزش گرامر زبان انگلیسی: Reported Speech

آموزش گرامر زبان انگلیسی: Reported Speech

Reported Speech یا گزارش کلام دیگران، یکی از موضوعات اساسی در گرامر زبان انگلیسی است. این ساختار به ما امکان می‌دهد صحبت‌ها، افکار یا اطلاعاتی که از دیگران شنیده‌ایم یا دریافت کرده‌ایم را به شکل غیرمستقیم بیان کنیم. در این مقاله، به تعریف کامل reported speech، قوانین تغییر آن، انواع جملات گزارش‌شده، تغییرات زمان فعل‌ها، و نکات کلیدی دیگر می‌پردازیم.

تعریف Reported Speech

Reported Speech زمانی استفاده می‌شود که بخواهیم کلام کسی را به طور غیرمستقیم نقل کنیم. برخلاف Direct Speech (گفتار مستقیم)، در reported speech از علامت نقل قول (””) استفاده نمی‌شود و کلمات گفته‌شده با توجه به گوینده، شنونده، و زمان تغییر می‌کنند.

مثال‌های مستقیم و غیرمستقیم:

• Direct Speech: She said, “I am tired.”

• Reported Speech: She said that she was tired.

قوانین تغییر در Reported Speech

هنگامی که جمله‌ای را از حالت مستقیم به حالت غیرمستقیم تبدیل می‌کنیم، تغییراتی در زمان افعال، ضمایر، قیدهای زمان و مکان ایجاد می‌شود. این تغییرات به طور کلی به شکل زیر هستند:

الف. تغییر زمان فعل‌ها (Tense Changes)

اگر فعل گزارش‌دهنده (Reporting Verb) در زمان گذشته باشد (مانند said, told)، معمولاً زمان فعل‌ها در جمله گزارش‌شده به زمان گذشته‌تر تغییر می‌کند.
 

“I work here.” → She said she worked there. (Present Simple - Past Simple)

“I am reading.” → He said he was reading. (Present Continuous - Past Continuous )

“I have seen it.” → She said she had seen it. (Present Perfect - Past Perfect )

“I went home.” → He said he had gone home. (Past Simple - Past Perfect )

“I will call you.” → She said she would call me. (Future (will) - Would )

ب. تغییر ضمایر (Pronouns)

ضمایر در reported speech بر اساس گوینده، شنونده، و شخص مورد نظر تغییر می‌کنند.

• “I am happy.” → She said she was happy.

• “We will go there.” → They said they would go there.

ج. تغییر قیدهای زمان و مکان (Time and Place Words)

قیدهای زمان و مکان نیز باید بر اساس شرایط گوینده و زمان گزارش تغییر کنند.

“I am here now.” → She said she was there then. (now - then )

“I saw her today.” → He said he had seen her that day. (today - that day)

“I left yesterday.” → She said she had left the day before. (yesterday - the day before )

“I will come tomorrow.” → He said he would come the next day. (tomorrow - the next day )

“I live here.” → She said she lived there. (here - there )

Reporting Verbs

افعالی که برای گزارش کلام دیگران استفاده می‌شوند، معمولاً شامل say, tell، و گاهی افعال دیگری مانند ask, advise, promise, suggest هستند.

الف. Say vs. Tell

1. Say:

از “say” بدون مفعول مستقیم استفاده می‌شود.

• She said (that) she was tired.

2. Tell:

“Tell” همیشه با مفعول مستقیم (شخص مورد نظر) به کار می‌رود.

• She told me (that) she was tired.

ب. افعال دیگر و کاربردشان

• Ask: برای سوالات استفاده می‌شود.

• He asked me where I was going.

• Promise: برای وعده دادن.

• She promised that she would help.

• Advise: برای پیشنهاد دادن.

• He advised me to take the job.

انواع جملات در Reported Speech

الف. جملات خبری (Statements)

برای گزارش جملات خبری، از that استفاده می‌کنیم (که البته می‌تواند حذف شود).

• Direct: “I love this song.”

• Reported: She said (that) she loved that song.

ب. سوالات (Questions)

Reported questions به دو دسته تقسیم می‌شوند:

1. Yes/No Questions:

برای این سوالات از if یا whether استفاده می‌کنیم.

• Direct: “Do you like coffee?”

• Reported: He asked if I liked coffee.

2. Wh- Questions:

در این سوالات از همان کلمه پرسشی استفاده می‌شود.

• Direct: “Where are you going?”

• Reported: She asked where I was going.

ج. دستورات و درخواست‌ها (Commands and Requests)

برای دستورات و درخواست‌ها، از to + base verb استفاده می‌کنیم.

• Direct: “Close the door!”

• Reported: He told me to close the door.

• Direct: “Please help me.”

• Reported: She asked me to help her.

نکات کلیدی در استفاده از Reported Speech

1. اگر فعل گزارش‌دهنده در زمان حال باشد، زمان فعل‌ها تغییر نمی‌کند:

• She says, “I am happy.” → She says (that) she is happy.

2. فعل‌های گذشته کامل تغییری نمی‌کنند:

• “I had finished my homework.” → She said she had finished her homework.

3. برای جملات جهانی یا حقایق، زمان تغییر نمی‌کند:

• “The Earth is round.” → He said the Earth is round.

4. ساختارهای شرطی نوع دوم و سوم بدون تغییر باقی می‌مانند:

• “If I were rich, I would travel the world.” → She said if she were rich, she would travel the world.

چند مثال برای یادگیری و تمرین بیشتر

چند مثال بسیار ساده را در ادامه آورده ایم.

1. “I will call you tomorrow.” → He said he would call me the next day.

2. “Where have you been?” → She asked where I had been.

3. “Please don’t make noise.” → She asked me not to make noise.

برای مثال های بیشتر می توانید از مواردی که در پایین آمده است استفاده کنید:

الف. جملات خبری (Statements)

1. Direct: “I am learning English.”

Reported: She said that she was learning English.

2. Direct: “We visited Paris last year.”

Reported: They said that they had visited Paris the previous year.

3. Direct: “I will help you with your homework.”

Reported: He promised that he would help me with my homework.

4. Direct: “I don’t like coffee.”

Reported: She said that she didn’t like coffee.

5. Direct: “The sun rises in the east.”

Reported: He said that the sun rises in the east.

ب. سوالات (Questions)

1. Yes/No Questions:

6. Direct: “Do you like chocolate?”

Reported: He asked if I liked chocolate.

7. Direct: “Have you ever been to London?”

Reported: She asked whether I had ever been to London.

8. Direct: “Are you coming to the party tonight?”

Reported: He asked if I was coming to the party that night.

9. Direct: “Will you help me with this project?”

Reported: She asked if I would help her with that project.

10. Direct: “Did they watch the movie?”

Reported: He asked whether they had watched the movie.

2. Wh- Questions:

11. Direct: “Where do you live?”

Reported: She asked where I lived.

12. Direct: “What are you doing now?”

Reported: He asked what I was doing then.

13. Direct: “When will you arrive?”

Reported: She asked when I would arrive.

14. Direct: “Why are you late?”

Reported: He asked why I was late.

15. Direct: “How can I solve this problem?”

Reported: She asked how she could solve that problem.

ج. دستورات و درخواست‌ها (Commands and Requests)

16. Direct: “Close the window.”

Reported: He told me to close the window.

17. Direct: “Please be quiet.”

Reported: She asked me to be quiet.

18. Direct: “Don’t touch that vase!”

Reported: He told me not to touch that vase.

19. Direct: “Help me with my luggage, please.”

Reported: She asked me to help her with her luggage.

20. Direct: “Read this book before the exam.”

Reported: The teacher told us to read the book before the exam.

د. ترکیب جملات خبری، سوالات و دستورات

21. Direct: “I can’t come now, but I will call you later.”

Reported: She said that she couldn’t come then but would call me later.

22. Direct: “Why didn’t you call me yesterday?”

Reported: He asked why I hadn’t called him the day before.

23. Direct: “Go to bed early tonight.”

Reported: She advised me to go to bed early that night.

24. Direct: “Will you visit us next week?”

Reported: They asked if I would visit them the following week.

25. Direct: “I haven’t finished my homework yet.”

Reported: He said that he hadn’t finished his homework yet.